Anglo-Mysore War
- Reasons for Animosity between Mysore Vs EIC, Hyderabad, Marathas, and Travancore:
- Mysore wanted to dominate the whole of south India politically, therefore rivalry with Indian neighbours.
- Mysore wanted to dominate the trade of south India and this was against the interest of EIC.
- Therefore rise of Mysore as a political, military, and mercantilist (fulfilment of profit motive via trade) power threatened the British.
- Mysore followed a policy of military fiscalism which was similar to the policy followed by EIC.
- Mysore used resources from land revenue and trade to modernize its military with help of the french.
- Therefore it competed with EIC in core interesting areas of EIC, thus a threat to EIC.
- In 4 Anglo-Mysore wars usually, Hyderabad and Marathas fought on the side of EIC except in 1780-82 when there was an alliance between Marathas, Hyderabad, and Mysore against EIC.
- Nana Fadnavis was 1st to realize the political ambitions of EIC in India.
- Therefore took initiative to create the above alliance.
- 1st Anglo-Maratha and so was the 2nd Anglo-Mysore war in 1780-1784, while Hyderabad was turning against EIC as EIC took over Guntur.
- However, EIC soon settled disputes by returning Guntur to Hyderabad and signing the treaty of Salbai, in 1782 that ended the war with Marthas and creating a military alliance between EIC and Marathas.
- Therefore breaking an alliance of Indian powers and replacing it with a triple alliance of EIC, Hyderabad, and Marathas by 1782.
- Also, the aggressive foreign policy of tipu contributed to the isolation of Mysore.
- Results of 4 Anglo-Mysore wars:
- In 1st 2 Anglo-Mysore wars(1766-69 and 1780-84) status-quo was maintained territorially.
- However, Mysore lost roughly half of the territory to EIC, Marathas, and Hyderabad in the 3rd Anglo-Mysore war in 1789-92(Malabar, Baramahal, Dindigul).
- Further Major loss of territory in the 4th Anglo-Mysore war, where Tipu died defending his capital, Seringapatam, and the Wodeyar Dynasty was restored to power and the Subsidiary alliance was signed with more in 1799.
- EIC focused on taking over coastal areas like Malabar, Canara, and surrounding Mysore.
Travancore
- In 1800 a British resident was stationed in Travancore, therefore EIC influence began after the strict rule of Matanda Verma and Rama Verma ended.
- In 1805 there was a revolt by Nair troops due to grievances related to salaries and Travancore signed a subsidiary alliance, in return for military help by EIC.
- However, the promise of non-interface in internal affairs wasn't kept by the British resident.
- Therefore 1809, Diwan Vellu Thapi revolted with help of peasants and Nair troops, and this revolt was crushed.
Carnatic
- In 1801 Carnatic was annexed by Wellesly after the death of ally Mohamad Ali.
Anglo-Maratha War
- 1st Anglo-Maratha war in 1775-82.
- 2nd Anglo-Maratha war in 1803-05.
- 3rd Anglo-Maratha war in 1817-19.
- Importance of Deccan for British:
- Large coastal areas, that is west coast with Marthas(Konkan coast and some Malabar coast).
- High cotton trade with china from Gujarat.
- 1st Anglo-Maratha war in 1775-82:
- Reasons:
- Raghunath Rao was removed as Peshwa in the Barbhai conspiracy by Nana Fadnavis.
- As Raghunath Rao had become Phehwa after the killing of Narayan Rao.
- Now Raghunath Rao went to EIC in Bombay. and the signed treaty of Surat that led to the 1st Anglo-Maratha War.
- Treaty of Surat, 1775:
- The Governor of Bombay presidency of EIC agreed to help Raghunath Rao to regain Peshwaship and in return, Raghunath Rao promised Salsette and Bassin near Bombay,
- Events:
- After regulating act of 1773 by the British parliament governors of Bombay and madras were subordinated to the Governor-General of Bengal in matters of War and Peace except in emergency circumstances when they could act independently.
- Therefore Governor of Bombay acted independently by signing the treaty of Surat.
- To prevent War expenditure Governor-General of Bengal overturned the Treaty of Surat and negotiated and negotiated a treaty of Purandar.
- EIC recognized Madhav Rao-II as Peshwa and EIC got Salsette and Bassin.
- Marathas to not allow the french any position in their domain, however, Nana Fadnavis gave the french a port.
- Therefore treaty could not be finalized and war resumed.
- By 1782 British were defeated; a contributory factor was the alliance between Indian powers.
- However it was an inconclusive victory, therefore Marathas signed a treaty of Salbai, whereby war was ended, and the Marathas got back their territory with EIC, British recognized Madhav Rao-II as Peshwa.
- British retained Salsette and France to not allow any position.
- Raghunath Rao was pensioned off.
2nd Anglo-Maratha war, 1803-05
- Background:
- Due to high war expenditure, the Pitts India act of 1784 banned imperial expansion.
- But this policy changed with Wellesley.
- In 1802 Wellesley signed a Subsidiary alliance with Gaekwad of Baroda in return for help in a succession dispute.
- Reasons for war:
- Wellesley was an empire builder.
- Fractionalism rose in Maratha's polity after the suicide of Peshwa Madhava Rao due to over-controlling Nana Fadnavis and increased opposition to Nana.
- Baji Rao-II(son of Raghunath Rao) wanted to remove the influence of Nana Fadnavis.
- In 1800, Nana Fadnavis who could have kept Maratha Sardar died, therefore factionalism increased further.
- In 1802, Holker of Indore defeated Scindia and also Baji Rao-II.
- Now Baji Rao-II went to EIC to regain Peshwaship and signed the treaty of Bassin 1803, whereby he signed a Subsidiary alliance with EIC and now the 2nd Anglo-Maratha war began.
- Result:
- EIC was victorious in the war.
- Subsidiary alliance signed with Scindia.
- Scindia lost all territory north of Yamuna including Delhi & Agra and all his part in Gujarat.
- Bhonsle of Nagpur lost Orissa to EIC.
- Tributaries of Marathas (those who pay annual tributes) like Jats, Bundelas, Rajputs, and Rohillas signed a Subsidiary alliance with EIC.
- Due to high war expenditure, Wellesly was recalled and Cornwallis again made the governor-general of Bengal with clear instructions to follow the policy of non-interference and no expansion.
The policy of Paramountcy, 1813
- It meant that henceforth a new policy of paramountcy was initiated by hastings.
- The British were to be the significant/supreme power among all other forces in India.
- therefore British interests were to be Paramount and to protect these paramount interests British to have the right to interfere in the internal affairs of Indian states and even the right to annex Indian states.
- Therefore from 1813, Indian states were to have no rights if British interests demanded so(Indian states had rights rover internal affairs in a subsidiary alliance).
- Therefore Paramountcy was a subsidiary alliance less any rights for the Indian state.
3rd Anglo-Maratha war, 1817-19
- Reasons for the war:
- The policy of Paramountcy again gave a push to imperial expansion.
- Since 1803, the Subsidiary alliance, Peshwa Baji Rao-II was a puppet of the EIC and he now wanted to regain independence from EIC control.
- Also, the policy of non-interference since 1805 allowed Maratha Sardars to consolidate power and feel confident militarily.
- Therefore Baji Rao-II allied with Marathas to overthrow British dominance and the 3rd Anglo-Maratha war began.
- Results of the war:
- EIC was victorious in this war.
- Peshwaship was abolished, therefore Peshwa Baji Rao-II was the last Peshwa.
- Maharashtra which is Swarajya was annexed by the British.
- A subsidiary alliance was signed with Holkar and Bhonsle and lost significant territory to EIC.
- Therefore by 1819, EIC has total control over all territory south of Vindhyas.
Annexation fo Awadh
- Dalhousie:
- He implemented and used the policy of Paramountcy to expand the British empire in India.
- He annexed territories in the following ways:
- Annexing territory instead of payment of subsidy, for example, Berar from Hyderabad in 1853.
- By fighting wars for example 2nd Anglo-Sikh war that led to the annexation of Punjab.
- Via doctrine of lapse which was the product of the policy of Paramountcy.
- Under this those state was annexed where there was no legal heir that is no biological heir of the ruler.
- The annexation was justified as an unclear line of succession could lead to political unstably due to succession disputes, therefore, putting British interests under threat.
- Examples of such annexation under the doctrine of lapse:
- Sambalpur-1849.
- Bhagat-1850.
- Satara-1848.
- Udaipur-1852.
- Nagpur-1853.
- Jhansi-1854.
- To protect the British Paramount interest from maladministration in Awadh, he annexed Awadh in 1856.
- To safeguard British paramount interest from the threat of neighbour powers he fought and won the 2nd Burma war and annexed Pegu in lower Burma.
- 2nd Anglo-Sikh war to prevent any possibility of Russian influence in India via Afghanistan.
The topic of the next class: Annexation of Awadh.
Here are 40 multiple-choice questions related to the topics you provided. Each question may have more than one correct option. The answers are provided after each question.
1. What were the reasons for the animosity between Mysore and the East India Company (EIC), Hyderabad, Marathas, and Travancore?
a) Mysore's desire to dominate the whole of South India politically
b) Mysore's competition with the EIC in trade
c) Mysore's policy of military fiscalism
d) Mysore's modernization of its military with French assistance
e) All of the above
Answer: e) All of the above
2. Which Indian powers fought on the side of the EIC in the Anglo-Mysore Wars?
a) Hyderabad
b) Marathas
c) Travancore
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
3. Who was the first to realize the political ambitions of the EIC in India and create an alliance against the EIC?
a) Nana Fadnavis
b) Tipu Sultan
c) Hyder Ali
d) Raghunath Rao
Answer: a) Nana Fadnavis
4. What were the results of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars?
a) Status quo maintained territorially
b) Mysore lost territory to EIC, Marathas, and Hyderabad
c) Restoration of the Wodeyar Dynasty in Mysore
d) Signing of the Subsidiary alliance in 1799
e) All of the above
Answer: e) All of the above
5. When did EIC's influence in Travancore begin, and why did a revolt occur in 1805?
a) 1800; grievances related to salaries
b) 1805; grievances related to non-interference in internal affairs
c) 1800; peasant revolt against EIC influence
d) 1805; revolt led by Nair troops
Answer: a) 1800; grievances related to salaries
6. When was Carnatic annexed by the EIC?
a) 1775
b) 1782
c) 1801
d) 1809
Answer: c) 1801
7. How many Anglo-Maratha Wars took place?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: c) Three
8. What was the significance of the Treaty of Surat in the context of the 1st Anglo-Maratha War?
a) Restoration of Raghunath Rao as Peshwa
b) Acquisition of Salsette and Bassin by the EIC
c) Recognition of Madhav Rao-II as Peshwa
d) All of the above
Answer: b) Acquisition of Salsette and Bassin by the EIC
9. Why did the 2nd Anglo-Maratha War occur?
a) Wellesley's imperial ambitions
b) Factionalism in Maratha's polity
c) Baji Rao-II's desire to remove Nana Fadnavis' influence
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
10. What were the results of the 2nd Anglo-Maratha War?
a) EIC victory
b) Subsidiary alliance signed with Scindia
c) Loss of territory for Scindia and Bhonsle
d
) Tributaries signing subsidiary alliances
e) All of the above
Answer: e) All of the above
11. What did the policy of Paramountcy mean?
a) British supremacy among all forces in India
b) British interference in the internal affairs of Indian states
c) British right to annex Indian states
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
12. What led to the 3rd Anglo-Maratha War?
a) Peshwa Baji Rao-II's desire to regain independence from the EIC
b) Increased Maratha Sardars' confidence due to the policy of non-interference
c) British policy of Paramountcy and imperial expansion
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
13. What were the results of the 3rd Anglo-Maratha War?
a) Abolition of Peshwaship
b) Annexation of Maharashtra by the British
c) Signing of a subsidiary alliance with Holkar and Bhonsle
d) Total control of the EIC over all territory south of Vindhyas
e) All of the above
Answer: e) All of the above
14. What led to the annexation of Awadh?
a) Dalhousie's implementation of the policy of Paramountcy
b) British concern over maladministration in Awadh
c) Protection of British Paramount interests
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
15. How did Dalhousie implement the annexation of territories?
a) Annexing territory instead of payment of subsidy
b) Fighting wars
c) Doctrine of lapse
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
16. Which territories were annexed under the doctrine of lapse?
a) Sambalpur
b) Bhagat
c) Satara
d) Udaipur
e) Nagpur
f) Jhansi
g) All of the above
Answer: g) All of the above
17. What was the purpose of the 2nd Anglo-Sikh war?
a) To prevent Russian influence in India via Afghanistan
b) To annex Punjab
c) To establish a subsidiary alliance with the Sikh Empire
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
18. What was the outcome of the 2nd Anglo-Sikh War?
a) Annexation of Punjab by the British
b) Treaty of Lahore
c) Maharaja Duleep Singh's exile
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
19. What was the main cause of the Revolt of 1857?
a) Introduction of the new Enfield rifle cartridges greased with animal fat
b) Sepoy discontent and grievances related to pay and conditions of service
c) Political and economic grievances of various groups in Indian society
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
20. Which city became the center of the revolt in 1857?
a) Delhi
b) Lucknow
c) Kanpur
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
21. Who was the last Mughal emperor during the time of the revolt?
a) Bahadur Shah II
b) Akbar II
c) Shah Alam II
d) Alamgir II
Answer: a) Bahadur Shah II
22. What was the role of Rani Lakshmibai in the revolt?
a) She led the rebellion in Jhansi
b) She fought against the British in the Battle of Gwalior
c) She became a symbol of resistance
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
23. What was the outcome of the Revolt of 1857?
a) British victory and suppression of the revolt
b) End of the rule of the East India Company and the beginning of direct British rule
c) Social and political reforms by the British
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
24. What was the Vernacular Press Act of 1878?
a) An act that imposed restrictions on the freedom of the Indian press
b) An act that promoted the use of vernacular languages in Indian newspapers
c) An act that encouraged the publication of government documents in vernacular languages
d) An act that provided subsidies to vernacular newspapers
Answer: a) An act that imposed restrictions on the freedom of the Indian press
25. Who was the founder of the Indian National Congress (INC)?
a) Allan Octavian Hume
b) Surendranath Banerjee
c) A.O. Hume
d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Answer: c) A.O. Hume
26. When was the Indian National Congress founded?
a) 1882
b) 1885
c) 1905
d) 1919
Answer: b) 1885
27. What were the initial goals of the Indian National Congress?
a) Promotion of political rights for Indians within the British Empire
b) Social and economic reforms
c) Unity among different regional and religious groups in India
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
28. Who coined the term "Swaraj" (self-rule)?
a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
b) Dadabhai Naoroji
c) Lala Lajpat Rai
d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer: a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
29. What was the goal of the Swadeshi movement?
a) Boycott of British goods and promotion of Indian-made products
b) Promotion of Swaraj and self-governance
c) Support for indigenous industries and economic independence
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
30. Who led the Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha)?
a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
d) Rajendra Prasad
Answer: a) Mahatma Gandhi
31. What was the significance of the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress in 1929?
a) It demanded complete independence or "Purna Swaraj" for India
b) It called for the boycott of British goods
c) It marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
32. Who was the first President of the Indian National Congress?
a) Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee
b) Dadabhai Naoroji
c) A.O. Hume
d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Answer: a) Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee
33. When did the Partition of Bengal take place?
a) 1905
b) 1911
c) 1947
d) 1971
Answer: a) 1905
34. What was the main objective of the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920?
a) Boycott of British goods and institutions
b) Promotion of communal harmony
c) Achieving complete independence from British rule
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
35. Who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi?
a) Nathuram Godse
b) Udham Singh
c) Bhagat Singh
d) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Answer: a) Nathuram Godse
36. When did India achieve independence from British rule?
a) 1947
b) 1948
c) 1950
d) 1952
Answer: a) 1947
37. Who became the first Prime Minister of independent India?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Mahatma Gandhi
c) Vallabhbhai Patel
d) Rajendra Prasad
Answer: a) Jawaharlal Nehru
38. What is the significance of the Quit India Movement launched in 1942?
a) It demanded an immediate end to British rule in India
b) It led to widespread civil disobedience and mass arrests
c) It marked a turning point in the Indian freedom struggle
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
39. Who is known as the "Iron Man of India"?
a) Vallabhbhai Patel
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Subhash Chandra Bose
d) Bhagat Singh
Answer: a) Vallabhbhai Patel
40. When was the Constitution of India adopted?
a) 1947
b) 1950
c) 1952
d) 1971
Answer: b) 1950
Here are three long-answer type questions for UPSC GS paper exam based on the class notes
1. Discuss the reasons for the animosity between Mysore and the East India Company (EIC), Hyderabad, Marathas, and Travancore during the Anglo-Mysore War. How did Mysore's rise as a political, military, and mercantilist power threaten the British interests in South India?
Answer:
The animosity between Mysore and the East India Company (EIC), Hyderabad, Marathas, and Travancore during the Anglo-Mysore War can be attributed to several reasons. Firstly, Mysore aimed to dominate the entire South India politically, which created rivalry with its Indian neighbors. This ambition of Mysore posed a threat to the established powers and British interests in the region.
Secondly, Mysore's aspiration to dominate the trade of South India clashed with the interests of the East India Company. The Company had a vested interest in controlling and profiting from the trade in the region, and Mysore's rise as a mercantilist power challenged their monopoly. This led to further antagonism between Mysore and the EIC.
Additionally, Mysore followed a policy of military fiscalism, similar to the policy adopted by the East India Company. Mysore utilized resources from land revenue and trade to modernize its military, often with the help of the French. This modernization and military strength directly competed with the interests and dominance of the EIC in the region, intensifying their rivalry.
Furthermore, the alliances formed during the Anglo-Mysore Wars played a significant role in shaping the conflicts. In most of these wars, Hyderabad and the Marathas fought alongside the EIC against Mysore. However, in the 1780-82 war, there was an alliance between Marathas, Hyderabad, and Mysore against the EIC. The complex web of alliances and shifting loyalties added to the tensions and conflicts between these powers.
Overall, Mysore's political, military, and mercantilist ambitions, along with its alliances and modernization efforts, posed a direct threat to the British interests represented by the East India Company and the established powers in the region. This resulted in a series of Anglo-Mysore Wars as the British sought to curb Mysore's influence and protect their own interests.
2. Discuss the significance of the policy of Paramountcy and the annexation of Awadh during Lord Dalhousie's administration. How did these policies contribute to the expansion of the British Empire in India?
Answer:
The policy of Paramountcy, introduced during Lord Dalhousie's administration, was a significant turning point in British policy towards Indian states. Under this policy, the British considered themselves the supreme power in India, with the right to interfere in the internal affairs of Indian states and even annex them if British interests demanded it. This policy aimed to protect and promote British interests and consolidate their control over the Indian subcontinent.
The policy of Paramountcy gave the British the authority to intervene in the governance of Indian states and curtailed the autonomy of these states. It allowed the British to assert control and influence over the rulers of these states, ensuring their compliance with British policies and interests. This policy also paved the way for the annexation of Indian states under the doctrine of lapse, whereby states without a clear line of succession were annexed by the British.
One significant example of annexation under the doctrine of lapse was the annexation of Awadh (Oudh) in 1856. Awadh, ruled by the Nawabs, had faced issues of misrule and mismanagement, which the British used as a justification for annexation. The British
argued that the annexation was necessary to protect their paramount interests from maladministration and to maintain stability in the region. However, the annexation of Awadh was also driven by the desire to expand British control and eliminate any potential threats to their dominance.
Furthermore, Lord Dalhousie's administration employed various methods of annexation, including annexing territories instead of accepting payment of subsidies, engaging in wars, and utilizing the doctrine of lapse. These strategies allowed the British to extend their territorial control and influence in India.
Overall, the policy of Paramountcy and the annexation of Awadh exemplified Lord Dalhousie's approach to expanding the British Empire in India. By asserting British authority and annexing Indian states, the British aimed to consolidate their control, safeguard their interests, and eliminate potential threats to their dominance. These policies played a crucial role in the expansion of the British Empire in India during the 19th century.
3. Analyze the significance of the 2nd Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05) in the context of British imperial expansion in India. Discuss the factors that led to the outbreak of the war and the outcomes for the Maratha Empire and the East India Company.
Answer:
The 2nd Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05) marked a significant phase in British imperial expansion in India. The war was a crucial step in the British Empire's efforts to establish dominance over the Maratha Empire and expand their territorial control.
Several factors contributed to the outbreak of the war. Firstly, Governor-General Wellesley, who had a vision of imperial expansion, aimed to extend British influence and control in India. This ambition drove the British to actively involve themselves in the succession disputes and factionalism within the Maratha polity.
The Maratha Empire was facing internal conflicts and disunity, with increased opposition to the influential Nana Fadnavis and the suicide of Peshwa Madhava Rao. Baji Rao-II, son of Raghunath Rao, sought to remove Nana Fadnavis' influence and regain control over the Peshwaship. In 1802, Baji Rao-II signed the Treaty of Bassein with the East India Company, which initiated the war.
During the war, the East India Company emerged victorious. They signed a subsidiary alliance with Scindia and secured significant territorial gains. Scindia lost all territory north of Yamuna, including Delhi and Agra, as well as his part in Gujarat. The Bhonsle of Nagpur lost Orissa to the East India Company. Additionally, several Maratha tributaries, such as the Jats, Bundelas, Rajputs, and Rohillas, signed subsidiary alliances with the Company.
The war and its outcomes had far-reaching consequences for the Maratha Empire. The defeat weakened the Marathas and diminished their political and military power. They lost significant territories to the East India Company, which further eroded their authority. The war also exposed the vulnerabilities and factionalism within the Maratha polity, highlighting the growing influence and control of the British.
For the East India Company, the 2nd Anglo-Maratha War provided a stepping stone for their expansion in India. The war resulted in territorial gains, the signing of subsidiary alliances, and the subjugation of Maratha powers. These outcomes allowed the East India Company to consolidate their control and influence over the Indian subcontinent, laying the groundwork for their subsequent dominance.
In conclusion, the 2nd Anglo-Maratha War played a crucial role in British imperial expansion in India. The war highlighted the internal conflicts within the Maratha Empire, and the East India Company capitalized on these divisions to extend their territorial control. The outcomes of the war significantly weakened the Marathas and furthered the East India Company's ambitions to establish dominance in India.
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