Discussion regarding syllabus of modern Indian history
- The decline of the Mughals.
- Rise of Regional powers:
- Autonomous states like Rajputs, Mysore, and Travancore.
- Rebel states like Marathas, Jats, Sikhs, Afghans, etc.
- Successor states like Hyderabad, Bengal, Awadh, etc.
- Why did Marathas not become an all-Indian power?
- How did the British become an All-India power?
- Rise of Indian national movement.
Ist Battle of Panipat, 1526
- It was fought between Zahiruddin Babur Vs Ibrahim Lodhi(the Lodhi dynasty was the last empire of the Delhi sultanate).
- Babur was in search of a kingdom for himself and this battle was the culmination of conflicts between Babur and Lodhi.
- It was the first major battle where gunpowder and field artillery(small bronze canon) was used, which is why Babur won despite a small army.
- Therefore Babur founded the Mughal empire in 1526.
2nd battle of Panipat, 1556
- Fought between Akbar (13 years old, the army was led by his guardian Bairam Khan) and Hemchandra Vikramaditya of Rewari or Hemu (the most important minister and military general of the Suri dynasty).
- Babar was succeeded by Humayun who was defeated by Afghan invader Shershah Suri(set up the rule of the Suri dynasty, 1540-55).
- In 1555, Humayun defeated Suris but then died in 1556, and now Hemu recaptured power.
- Therefore the 2nd battle of Panipat was fought by Akbar to establish the Mughal empire in India.
Mughal emperor chronology
- Babar (1526-1530).
- Humayun (1530-1540)
- Akbar (1556-1605).
- Jahangir (1605-1627).
- Sahajhan (1628-58).
- Arungbzeb (1658-1707).
- Bahadur Shah (1707-1712).
- Jahandar Shah (1712-1713).
- Farruksiyar (1713-1719).
- Muhammad Shah (1719-1748).
- Ahmed Shah Bahadur (1748-1754).
- Alamgir-II (1754-1759).
- Shah Alam (1760-1806).
- Akbar-II (1806-1837).
- Bahadur Shah Jafar (1837-1857).
Mansabdari system
- It was the military bureaucracy system of the Mughals established by the Akbar.
- That is officials had dual functions of civil and military functions.
- Mansab is a post/office and Mansabdar is the holder or occupant of Mansabs.
- There were two types of Mansbdars on basis of the mode of salary.
- Naqadi Mansabdar:
- They were paid a salary in cash.
- Jagirdar Mansabdar:
- They were paid in the form of allocating a Jagir.
- The land revenue from the Jagirs (land) went to the Jagirdar.
- Jagir is a land whose land revenue goes to Jagirdar and Jagirdar is the holder of Jagir.
- Jagir was of two types:
- Tankha Jagirs:
- These jagirs could be transferred from one to another Mansabdar(could be taken away from the Mansabdar by the king).
- All of the revenue goes to Mansabdar.
- Vatan Jagirs:
- The word Vatan means hereditary.
- It was given permanently to a person and becomes heredity Jagir.
- It is non-transferable.
- 10% of land revenue from Vatan Jagir went to the king as tribute/Peshkash.
- As here king gave up the right to take away Jagir, therefore needs to be compensated and tribute acted as Vatan Jagirdar recognizing the sovereign authority of the king.
- The criteria for becoming Mansabdar was lineage(family background).
- Every Mansabdar had a dual rank.
- Zat:
- It was a personal Rank.
- Sawar:
- It is the number of Horsemen a Mansabdar is required to Maintain for the king.
- For example- Zat=3000 and Sawar=1500 then net rank=4500.
- The emoluments of Mansabadar were equal to his salary and allowance for the maintenance of the army as per his Sawar.
- More important nobles were Jagirdar Mansabdar and less important ones were Naqadi Mansabdars.
- Vatan Jagirs were given to those who were very powerful Mansabdars.
- Corrupt Mansabadar would not maintain an army as per Sawar, therefore would try to make personal, money to be ideally spent on the army or over-extracted land revenue from Jagir.
- Mughal emperors are dependent on Mansabdars for the Maintainance of the army.
- therefore in the Mansabdari system, a give-and-take relationship existed between the king and Mansabdar.
- The king gave Mansab and Jagir and in return Mansabdar gave his loyalty and maintained the army of the king.
- Therefore there existed personal loyalty and if the king does not give the desired Mansabs and Jagirs then it may lead to disloyalty towards the king.
The topic of the next class: Khalisa land and Land revenue system.
1. Why did Marathas not become an all-Indian power?
a) Lack of strong leadership
b) Internal conflicts and divisions
c) Challenges from other regional powers
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
2. How did the British become an All-India power?
a) Exploiting divisions among Indian rulers
b) Superior military technology
c) Effective diplomacy and alliances
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
3. Which battle led to the establishment of the Mughal empire in India?
a) 1st Battle of Panipat
b) 2nd Battle of Panipat
c) Battle of Plassey
d) Battle of Buxar
Answer: a) 1st Battle of Panipat
4. Who fought against each other in the 2nd Battle of Panipat?
a) Akbar and Hemu
b) Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi
c) Aurangzeb and Shivaji
d) Ashoka and Kalinga
Answer: a) Akbar and Hemu
5. Arrange the Mughal emperors in chronological order.
a) Babar, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
b) Babar, Humayun, Jahangir, Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
c) Akbar, Babar, Humayun, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
d) Akbar, Babar, Humayun, Jahangir, Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan
Answer: b) Babar, Humayun, Jahangir, Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
6. What was the purpose of the Mansabdari system?
a) Military bureaucracy
b) Administrative efficiency
c) Revenue collection
d) Land redistribution
Answer: a) Military bureaucracy
7. What were the two types of Mansabdars based on the mode of salary?
a) Naqadi Mansabdars and Jagirdar Mansabdars
b) Civil Mansabdars and Military Mansabdars
c) Tankha Jagirdars and Vatan Jagirdars
d) Zat Mansabdars and Sawar Mansabdars
Answer: a) Naqadi Mansabdars and Jagirdar Mansabdars
8. Which type of Jagir could be transferred from one Mansabdar to another?
a) Tankha Jagir
b) Vatan Jagir
c) Naqadi Jagir
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Tankha Jagir
9. What percentage of land revenue from Vatan Jagir went to the king as tribute?
a) 5%
b) 10%
c) 15%
d) 20%
Answer: b) 10%
10. What was the criteria for becoming a Mansabdar?
a) Wealth
b) Education
c) Lineage
d) Military prowess
Answer: c) Lineage
11. What was the significance of the Zat and Sawar ranks in the Mansabdari system?
a) Zat represented personal rank and Sawar represented the number of horsemen required to be maintained.
b) Zat represented the number of horsemen required to be maintained and Sawar represented personal rank.
c) Zat represented military achievements and Sawar represented civil rank.
d) Zat and Sawar were interchangeable terms and had no specific significance.
Answer: a) Zat represented personal rank and Sawar represented the number of horsemen required to be maintained.
12. Who were the more important Mansabdars in the Mansabdari system?
a) Naqadi Mansabdars
b) Jagirdar Mansabdars
c) Tankha Jagirdars
d) Vatan Jagirdars
Answer: b) Jagirdar Mansabdars
13. What role did Mansabdars play in the maintenance of the Mughal army?
a) They provided financial support for the army.
b) They trained and commanded the soldiers.
c) They supplied weapons and ammunition.
d) They negotiated alliances with other regional powers.
Answer: b) They trained and commanded the soldiers.
14. What was the nature of the relationship between the king and Mansabdars in the Mansabdari system?
a) One-sided, with the king having complete authority over the Mansabdars.
b) Equal partnership, with shared responsibilities and benefits.
c) Give-and-take, with the king providing Mansabs and Jagirs in exchange for loyalty and military support.
d) Competitive, with Mansabdars vying for the king's favor and resources.
Answer: c) Give-and-take, with the king providing Mansabs and Jagirs in exchange for loyalty and military support.
15. What could be a consequence of the king not granting desired Mansabs and Jagirs to Mansabdars?
a) Increased loyalty and devotion from Mansabdars.
b) Improved efficiency in the administration of the Mansabdari system.
c) Disloyalty and rebellion from Mansabdars.
d) Enhanced cooperation and coordination among Mansabdars.
Answer: c) Disloyalty and rebellion from Mansabdars.
16. Which topic will be covered in the next class?
a) Khalisa land and Land revenue system
b) Rise of the Marathas
c) The British East India Company
d) The decline of the Mughal Empire
Answer: a) Khalisa land and Land revenue system
17. What were the reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire?
a) Weak successors to Aurangzeb
b) Attacks by regional powers and invasions by foreign rulers
c) Economic and administrative challenges
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
18. Which autonomous states emerged during the decline of the Mughals?
a) Rajputs, Mysore, and Travancore
b) Marathas, Jats, and Sikhs
c) Hyderabad, Bengal, and Awadh
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
19. What were rebel states during the decline of the Mughals?
a) Rajputs, Mysore, and Travancore
b) Marathas, Jats, and Sikhs
c) Hyderabad, Bengal, and Awadh
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Marathas, Jats, and Sikhs
20. What contributed to the rise of the Indian national movement?
a) Socio-religious reform movements
b) British colonial policies
c) Influence of Western political ideologies
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
21. How did the British become an all-India power?
a) Through military conquest and the establishment of colonial rule
b) Through diplomatic alliances with regional powers
c) By promoting trade and economic cooperation
d) All of the above
Answer: a) Through military conquest and the establishment of colonial rule
22. Why did the Marathas not become an all-Indian power?
a) Internal conflicts and lack of unity among Maratha leaders
b) Strong resistance from regional powers and the British
c) Limited resources and manpower compared to other powers
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
23. What was the significance of the Ist Battle of Panipat (1526)?
a) It marked the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India under Babur.
b) It was the first major battle where gunpowder and field artillery were used.
c) It resulted in the defeat of Ibrahim Lodhi by Zahiruddin Babur.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
24. What was the significance of the 2nd Battle of Panipat (1556)?
a) It was fought between Akbar and Hemu to establish Mughal rule in India.
b) It marked the decline of the Sur dynasty and the rise of the Mughals.
c) It resulted in the victory of Akbar and his guardian Bairam Khan.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
25. Who were the important Mughal emperors in chronological order?
a) Babar, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
b) Babar, Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
c) Babar, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah Jafar
d) Babar, Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah Jafar
Answer: a) Babar, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
26. What was the Mansabdari system established by Akbar?
a) A military bureaucracy system where officials held dual civil and military functions.
b) A system of land grants known as Jagirs.
c) A system of taxation based on land revenue.
d) A system of regional alliances for defense and mutual support.
Answer: a) A military bureaucracy system where officials held dual civil and military functions.
27. What were the two types of Mansabdars based on the mode of salary?
a) Naqadi Mansabdars and Jagirdar Mansabdars
b) Tankha Jagirdars and Vatan Jagirdars
c) Cash salary Mansabdars and Land revenue Mansabdars
d) Zat Mansabdars and Sawar Mansabdars
Answer: a) Naqadi Mansabdars and Jagirdar Mansabdars
28. What was the difference between Tankha Jagirs and Vatan Jagirs?
a) Tankha Jagirs were transferable, while Vatan Jagirs were hereditary and non-transferable.
b) Tankha Jagirs were hereditary, while Vatan Jagirs could be transferred.
c) Tankha Jagirs were granted to military officials, while Vatan Jagirs were granted to civilian administrators.
d) Tankha Jagirs were allocated to the king, while Vatan Jagirs were allocated to Mansabdars.
Answer: a) Tankha Jagirs were transferable, while Vatan Jagirs were hereditary and non
-transferable.
29. What role did Vatan Jagirs play in recognizing the sovereign authority of the king?
a) They acted as tribute or Peshkash, with 10% of the land revenue going to the king.
b) They provided military support to the king in times of conflict.
c) They served as centers of administration and governance in the Mughal Empire.
d) They facilitated trade and commerce between different regions of the empire.
Answer: a) They acted as tribute or Peshkash, with 10% of the land revenue going to the king.
30. What criteria were considered for becoming a Mansabdar in the Mughal Empire?
a) Lineage or family background
b) Wealth and economic status
c) Education and intellectual capabilities
d) Military prowess and achievements
Answer: a) Lineage or family background
31. How did the Mansabdari system create a give-and-take relationship between the king and Mansabdars?
a) The king granted Mansabs and Jagirs to Mansabdars, and in return, Mansabdars provided loyalty and maintained the army.
b) Mansabdars provided financial support to the king in exchange for promotions and higher ranks.
c) The king received a portion of the land revenue from the Jagirs of Mansabdars.
d) Mansabdars paid tribute to the king in exchange for increased privileges and power.
Answer: a) The king granted Mansabs and Jagirs to Mansabdars, and in return, Mansabdars provided loyalty and maintained the army.
32. What could be a consequence if the king did not provide desired Mansabs and Jagirs to Mansabdars?
a) Disloyalty and lack of support from Mansabdars
b) Decreased military strength and vulnerability to attacks
c) Economic instability and reduced revenue for the empire
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
33. What was the significance of Khalisa land in the Mughal Empire?
a) It was the land directly controlled and owned by the emperor.
b) It provided a major source of revenue for the empire.
c) Khalisa land was not subject to the Mansabdari system.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
34. What was the Land Revenue System in the Mughal Empire?
a) A system where land revenue was collected from peasants and farmers.
b) Land revenue was the primary source of income for the empire.
c) The revenue collected from land was used to fund the administration and military.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
35. How did the Mughal Empire ensure the collection of land revenue?
a) Through the use of revenue officials and administrators called Amils.
b) The revenue was collected directly from the peasants and farmers.
c) Land revenue assessments were conducted periodically to determine the amount to be collected.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
36. What were the challenges faced by the Mughal Empire in collecting land revenue?
a) Rebellion and resistance from peasants and farmers.
b) Inaccurate assessment and measurement of land.
c) Corruption and exploitation by revenue officials.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
37. How did the Mughal Empire address the challenges in land revenue collection?
a) Establishment of a strong administrative system with checks and balances.
b) Introduction of standardized measurement units for land.
c) Punitive actions against corrupt revenue officials.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
38. What was the impact of the decline of the Mughals on regional powers?
a) Rise of autonomous states like the Rajputs, Mysore, and Travancore.
b) Emergence of rebel states like Marathas, Jats, Sikhs, and Afghans.
c) Creation of successor states like Hyderabad, Bengal, and Awadh.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
39. What was the role of regional powers in the context of the Mughal decline?
a) They sought to establish their own independent territories and challenge Mughal authority.
b) Regional powers formed alliances and engaged in conflicts with each other.
c) They played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of India.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
40. How did the rise of Indian national movement contribute to the decline of the Mughal Empire?
a
) The national movement advocated for independence from colonial rule, weakening Mughal authority.
b) Indian nationalists challenged the legitimacy of Mughal rule and sought a united India.
c) The national movement highlighted the need for modern governance and social reforms.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
41. Why did the Marathas not become an all-Indian power?
a) Internal conflicts and rivalries among Maratha leaders weakened their unity.
b) The Marathas faced strong resistance from other regional powers and foreign invaders.
c) The Marathas primarily focused on expanding their influence in specific regions rather than establishing centralized control.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
42. How did the British become an All-India power?
a) The British East India Company established trade relations and gradually expanded its influence.
b) The British employed a divide-and-rule policy, exploiting the internal conflicts among regional powers.
c) The British won decisive battles against the Marathas, Mysore, and other regional powers.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
43. What were the factors contributing to the rise of the Indian national movement?
a) British colonial rule and the impact of Western education and ideas.
b) The influence of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhash Chandra Bose.
c) The desire for independence and self-rule among the Indian population.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
44. How did the decline of the Mughals impact the political and social landscape of India?
a) Regional powers emerged and sought to establish their own territories.
b) The decline led to power struggles, conflicts, and the fragmentation of political authority.
c) Social and cultural changes occurred as new rulers and dynasties rose to prominence.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
45. What was the significance of the Battle of Panipat in the establishment of the Mughal Empire?
a) The first battle, fought in 1526, resulted in the establishment of the Mughal Empire by Babur.
b) The second battle, fought in 1556, consolidated Mughal power under Akbar.
c) These battles marked the decisive victories of the Mughals over rival forces, solidifying their rule.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
46. What was the significance of the Mansabdari system in the Mughal administration?
a) It provided a hierarchical structure for military and administrative appointments.
b) The system ensured the maintenance of a standing army and loyalty to the emperor.
c) Mansabdars were responsible for collecting revenue, maintaining law and order, and leading military campaigns.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
47. What were the different types of Jagirs in the Mansabdari system?
a) Tankha Jagirs, which could be transferred between Mansabdars.
b) Vatan Jagirs, which were hereditary and non-transferable.
c) Tankha and Vatan Jagirs were the two main types of Jagirs.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
48. What was the role of lineage in the Mansabdari system?
a) Lineage played a crucial role in determining eligibility for Mansabdar positions.
b) An individual's family background and reputation were considered for appointments.
c) High-ranking Mansabdars often came from noble families with a history of military service.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
49. What were the challenges faced by the Mughal Empire in maintaining the Mansabdari system?
a) Corruption and misuse of resources by Mansabdars.
b) Inadequate checks and balances to prevent abuse of power.
c) The need for a constant supply of new appointments and promotions.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
50. How did the Mansabdari system contribute to the relationship between the Mughal emperor and the Mansabdars?
a) The system created a give-and-take relationship, with the king granting Mansabs and Jagirs in exchange for loyalty and military support.
b) The Mansabdars were responsible for maintaining the king's army and ensuring stability in the empire.
c) The emperor relied on the Mansabdars for the administration and defense of the Mughal territories.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Syllabus of Modern Indian History | - The decline of the Mughals |
| - Rise of regional powers: Rajputs, Mysore, Travancore, Marathas, Jats, Sikhs, Afghans, etc. | |
| - Successor states: Hyderabad, Bengal, Awadh, etc. | |
| - Reasons for Marathas not becoming an all-Indian power | |
| - How the British became an All-India power | |
| - Rise of the Indian national movement | |
| 1st Battle of Panipat, 1526 | - Fought between Zahiruddin Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi |
| - Use of gunpowder and field artillery by Babur | |
| - Establishment of the Mughal Empire by Babur | |
| 2nd Battle of Panipat, 1556 | - Fought between Akbar and Hemchandra Vikramaditya of Rewari (Hemu) |
| - Akbar's attempt to establish the Mughal Empire in India | |
| Mughal Emperor Chronology | - Listing of Mughal emperors and their reign periods |
| Mansabdari System | - Military bureaucracy system established by Akbar |
| - Dual functions of civil and military roles for officials | |
| - Two types of Mansabdars: Naqadi (salary in cash) and Jagirdar (paid through allocation of Jagir) | |
| - Jagir types: Tankha Jagirs (transferable) and Vatan Jagirs (hereditary and non-transferable) | |
| - Importance of lineage in becoming a Mansabdar | |
| - Dual rank of Zat (personal rank) and Sawar (number of horsemen to be maintained for the king) | |
| - Relationship between the king and Mansabdars based on give-and-take, involving Mansabs, Jagirs, loyalty, and armies | |
| - Importance of Mansabdars for the maintenance of the Mughal army | |
| - Potential issues with corruption and abuse of power by Mansabdars | |
| Next Class Topic: Khalisa land and | - Discussion on Khalisa land and the land revenue system in the Mughal Empire |
| Land Revenue System |
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